Study Identification and Coding The inclusion criteria for the meta-analysis were as follows: (a) published in a peer-reviewed English-language journal, (b) parenting style categorized as one of two dimensions: warmth and control (Grolnick & Pomerantz, 2009; Rohner et al., 2005), (C) the parenting behaviors being quantified, (d) a case controlled study design comparing IVF and natural conception (NC) being used, and (e) sufficient data available to calculate the effect sizes. This study excluded articles that reported the use of a donor egg or the use of sperm given to IVF mothers who were either surrogates or in homosexual relationships.