Results: The benefit of systemic cancer treatment may decrease with age, and risks may be increased due to
reduced life expectancy and reduced tolerance of stress in the older population. Therefore, a multipronged
approach is recommended for clinical studies in these patients, including phase 2 studies limited to persons 70
years of age and older, stratification by life expectancy and predicted treatment tolerance in phase 3 studies,
and registration studies to establish predictive variables for treatment-related toxicity in older individuals.