Strangely enough, this type of anticompetitive price fixing, which is really what such practices amount to, was exempted from federal antitrust legislation through passage of the Miller-Tydings Act in 1973 and the McGuire Act in 1952. These acts exempted retail price fixing by manufacturers in states that permitted vertical pricing arrangements between manufacturers and retailers. Such vertical price fixing agreements were typically referred to euphemistically as fair trade laws. Most states enacted various forms of these laws.