Longitudinal research in the final year of high school showed that students' academic self-concept was predictive for success in the first year of higher education, after controlling for high school achievement and gender [32]. It was found that female high school students reported a lower academic self-concept than male students, even when controlling for individual achievement [32]. Also in first year university STEM students, math and science self-concept of female students was lower compared to male students [33]. In a longitudinal study of first year university students in social science, there was no gender difference in academic self-concept at the beginning of higher education, but after the first semester at university, general academic self-concept of female students significantly declined, whereas there was no self-concept change for male students [34]. A cross-sectional study in a New-Zealand university reported no gender differences in verbal and math self-concept of undergraduate students of the same faculty, suggesting that student's choice of courses was based on confidence and interest in the subject, rather than being determined by the gender stereotype that math is a masculine discipline [35]. Although most studies indicate that female college students have a lower academic self-concept than male college students, more research on self-concept and gender during transition into university is needed.