Ahmed and Chandra (1997) performed simulations using the
finite element method to predict hot tears, hot cracks, residual
stress, and distortions in castings.
In their study, the effects of sand mold rigidity on the residual stress were investigated, and the two parameters were determined to be related.
Ami Saada et al. (1996) measured the mechanical properties of green sand molds between temperatures of 20 and 300 ◦C and discussed the mechanical models of green sand molds for stress analysis.
Metzger et al. (2001) developed an analytical method to take into account the restraint force of a sand mold to efficiently predict the residual stresses in castings.
Chang and Dantzig (2004) developed an analytical method
based on the method of Metzger et al. to compensate for a convergence in the stress analysis.
In their study, Chan and Dantzig simulated the mechanical interaction between the casting and the sand mold using the mechanical properties of the green sand mold measured in Ami Saada’s study. Lin et al. (2009) developed a new
predict hot tears