In the typical approach to design, safety measures are
engineered near the end of the design process, leaving
add-on control measures to be the only option available.
Control measures added late in design require continual
staffing and maintenance throughout the life of the plant,
greatly adding to the lifetime costs as well as repetitive
training and documentation upkeep. This cost intensive
approach is favored by management that considers safety
and environmental activities as a need rather than a
requirement, thus ignoring the use of basic principles of
science in eliminating or reducing operational safety
control measures.