Cross-breeding is the basis of the stratified sheep industry of the United Kingdom (Simm, 1998). The system functions on the basis of a loose structure involving several breed societies, government agencies and other institutions. Traditional hill breeds such as the Scottish Blackface are straightbred under the harsh production conditions of the hills. Ewes from these pure breeds are sold to farmers in “upland” areas (where the climate is less harsh and there is better grazing). Here, they are crossed with rams from intermediate crossing breeds such the Blueface Leicester. F1 Females are sold for breeding in lowland flocks where they are mated to terminal-sire breeds such as the Suffolk and the Texel. Most data recording and genetic evaluation aim at improving the terminal-sire breeds to produce rams of superior genetic quality. Data recording and genetic evaluations are carried out by commercial operations such as Signet or by research institutions supported by public fundsMost dairy goats are in developing countries. However, breeding programmes are concentrated mainly in Europe and North America. The French selection programme, based on AI with frozen semen and oestrus synchronization (60 000 goats inseminated/year), and the Norwegian programme, based on rotation of sires in several herds (buck circles), are examples of organized progeny testing programmes. They include a formal definition of selection objectives and organized mating to produce young sires and their progeny. Probably, the best example of a structured meat goat breeding programme is that run by the Boer Goat Breeders’ Association of Australia. Cashmere and mohair production is based on straight-breeding of the respective breeds. There is almost no cross-breeding involving Angoras.