The pyrolysis experiments were performed on 15 g of each of the biomass samples in a fixed-bed reactor with a length of
104 mm and an internal diameter of 70 mm equipped with a sweep gas (nitrogen) connection. The reactor was heated externally by an electric furnace, with the temperature being controlled by an NieCr thermocouple inside the bed. The gas outlet of the reactor consists of a 180 mm long stainless steel pipe with an internal diameter of 45 mm. The traps were also connected to this pipe. Steel tubing was used for the connec- tions between the traps. The 600 W furnace with an inner volume large enough to contain the whole reactor was employed for heating. The thermocouple was connected to a proportional controlling unit which was capable of maintaining the oven temperature within an accuracy range of 5 C and installed into a control panel