Smith et al. (1983, p. 653) and Katz (1964) proposed thatto achieve effective organizational operation, the following three
kinds of behaviors are necessary: employee willingness to remainwith the organization, employee actions that surpass their jobdescription, and employee proactive behavior beyond job responsibilities.The first two kinds of behaviors are within employee roles,whereas the third goes beyond, to include cooperation among colleagues,self-improvement, and creating a positive organizationalimage. For an organization to function effectively, innovative andspontaneous behaviors are essential. These behaviors, though notrequired for job performance, can greatly contribute to the operation
and performance of an organization. Organ (1988, p.4) definedOCB as self-initiated by employees. Although this kind of behaviorcan enhance the overall effectiveness of organizational functions,the formal organizational reward system does not recognize thebehavior. Williams and Anderson (1991) stated that OCB refers tothe proactive cooperation and assistance among coworkers; OCB
for an organization, behaviors displayed by employees to make
good for the organization.