Fourteen 90 min observation sessions were conducted within an ICU bay. Hand-hygiene compliance was 60% (based on observable outcomes). Of the 255 hand-hygiene opportunities identified, 101 (40%) occurred after contact with the environ- ment. The sites most frequently touched were within the patient zone (i.e. the patient’s immediate surroundings) and included the equipment trolley (211 contacts) and the computer keyboard (170 contacts). Movement between an equipment trolley and a patient was observed on 50 occasions (Table I). Hand-hygiene compliance when moving from a patient to a trolley was 11% (based on observable outcomes; 1/9). Observed hand-hygiene compliance when moving from a trolley to a patient was 43% (12/28). Healthcare workers were also observed to regularly move from a patient to the bedside computer (electronic records); the observed hand-hygiene compliance associated with this movement route was 14% (1/7)