Since early research on helping behaviors, scholars have introduced numerous related
constructs including altruism, prosocial behavior, OCB-I, courtesy, cooperative work behaviors, personal support,
volunteering, interpersonal facilitation, and civic virtue. In an effort to clarify similarities and differences in positively
intended citizenship behaviors, Van Dyne, Cummings, andMcLean Parks (1995) developed a conceptual framework of
four generic types of extra-role behavior. Specifically, they differentiated between promotive and prohibitive citizenship
behaviors, and between affiliative and challenging citizenship behaviors