One potential concern for defining the practical ranges of gauge repeatability is gauge orientation (e.g. longitudinal versus transverse gauges). Theoretically, a circular load centered on top of a strain gauge should generate identical responses in orthogonal directions. Therefore, one would expect no difference in strain gauge repeatability due to gauge orientation if the FWD testing were conducted precisely on the gauge. However, due to the difficulty of precisely placing the center of the FWD loading plate on the strain gauge marker, some variation in loading location occurred in the study.