But can the urban waste problem then be characterized as a wicked problem? Beyond the ten characteristics used by Rittel and Webber (1973) to define a wicked problem, recent scholarship further suggests that wicked problems are problems where both definition and the solution to the problem are uncertain and con-troversial (Durant & Legge, 2006), and where solving the problem at one level exacerbates the problem at another level (Allenby & Sarewitz, 2011).