Workers invest time and money in keeping their skills and competencies up to date, taking responsibility for maintaining their employability in the face of economic change. Some schemes involve forgoing income during training in exchange for higher income after completion of training; this may be feasible for some individuals, especially where training costs qualify for tax credits/deductions or where subsidized loans are available for training. However, these schemes are not sufficient to enable workers at low income levels, those with family responsibilities or those in the informal economy to participate in lifelong learning; here employer or public provision of training is necessary.