The microbial fuel cells (MFC) are a device that oxidizes fed substrates
in reduced forms by biofilm on anode to deliver electrons
and protons, and then transfer yielded electrons and protons to
cathode for reduction of externally supplied oxidants via an external
circuit (Wang et al., 2015a). Hence, the MFCs are regarded as a
promising energy source when treating waste/wastewater
(Tamakloe, 2015; Sakdaronnarong et al., 2015). Multidisciplinary
sciences involved in MFC studies. The basic architecture of an
MFC is shown in Fig. 1. Kim et al. (2015a) reviewed the current status
of development and challenges for MFC technologies, including
on nano-scales involving electron transfer mechanisms, the microscales
with biofilm formation and associated transport processes,
and the macro-scales with electrodes and separators in bioanode
are discussed