Furthermore, new routes of vaccine administration
have also been studied, not only to improve the
efficiency of vaccination in terms of the immune
response, but also to increase the practical advantages
of control programs. Some previous studies considered
the importance of the route and the method of vaccine
administration for inducing optimum levels of protective
immunity. As well as the traditional intramuscular (IM)
route, a needle-less device has been proposed as a
relatively new tool for the intradermal administration of
vaccines and its application has been demonstrated to
induce an immune response similar or even better than
the intramuscular route, under field conditions