Each sample underwent two cycles of 70% compression (relative to
sample width, 200 mm/min crosshead speed) using the overhead
probe fitted to the texture analyzer (TA-XT2i, Stable Micro System,
England). Force-by-time data from each test was used to calculate
the mean values of the TPA parameters. Hardness, cohesiveness,
springiness, adhesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness were determined
as described by Bourne (1978).