The mechanistic basis of EM action during composting, however, was barely pursued. EM was originally developed by Dr. Higa (Ryukyu University, Okinawa, Japan) in 1982 and composed of several microbial groups such as lactic acid bacteria, filamentous fungi, yeasts, streptomycetes, and photosynthetic bacteria (10 genuses include 80 species), and the recent improved products include quite less number of representative species.