MAP is a method of packaging which works well to inhibit the growth of strict aerobic spoilage bacteria and moulds by taking the air away which is necessary for their growth, and therefore many anaerobic bacteria associated with foodborne illness, such as Clostridium spp. and Listeria monocytogenes, are not affected to the same extent. Fortunately, there are other means to control these bacteria such as controlling the moisture levels and the pH of the food, as well as monitoring storage time and temperature.