Xie and Xi [69] and Chen et al. [70] studied the use of waste glass as one of the raw materials to produce Portland cement. Due to the similar chemical composition between waste glass and clay the researchers tried to use waste glass as a partial replacement to clay [69] or instead of clay [70] in the cement raw materials mixture.
Xie and Xi [69] used waste glass as a partial replacement to clay (sandstone). The percentages of the raw mixture used with the chemical analysis of the produced clinker are shown in Table 9. All the raw materials were grounded in a jar mill to a fineness less than 75 μm to produce a homogenous mixture. The experimental results showed that the compressive strength of the produced cement decreased with increasing the waste glass content in the cement raw materials mixture. The X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the waste glass cement did not produce any new minerals in the clinker and the researchers concluded that waste glass can be used as a raw material for the production of cement but with small fractions, because of the high alkali content of the waste glass.