being the 1970s the golden decade for research in this field. According to Kletz, this was because coinciding with the expansion of the world economy from the year 1950, a new generation of chemical plants e larger than the hitherto existing and operating under conditions of higher pressure and temperature e appeared in the decades of 1950s and 1960s, which produced an increase in the number of major accidents.
The expansion of the global economy experienced in the 1950s did not reach Spain until the early 1960s, with a delay of at least ten years. In the sixties and until 1975 that the energy crisis arrived, Spain would undergo major changes in its production structure being the chemical sector a key factor in these changes. However, the interest in process safety was not a priority at that time. This is reflected in the lack of legislation and research in this field all along those years. The first articles published on this subject appeared in national magazines such as Ingeniería Química and were rather of scientific outreach, i.e. they did not provide new knowledge but were based mainly on collecting and disseminating the knowledge generated in Europe and the U.S. so far or on commenting the legislation (De la Calzada, 1970; Escalona, 1969; Mataix, 1977). In addition, these articles were always written by people who were working in the industry. This can be partly explained by the polit- ical and economic context of that time and also because research in Spain has traditionally been limited due to the little investment efforts made in this matter. In 1960, investment in research rep- resented only 0.2% of GDP (Gross Domestic Product) and in 1975 was up only 0.34% of GDP. In fact, it was not until 2003 that Spain achieved the 1% of GDP investment in research, still well below the European average of 2% (Hernández, 2007). With the end of Fran- co’s dictatorship in 1975, a period of consolidation of democracy and of economic adjustment started leading Spanish to the integration in Europe that would culminate in 1986. In the midst of this period, the most serious accident happened in Spain, the one of Els Alfacs in 1978, which ignited several alerts regarding the existing shortcomings in industrial safety. It was not until the Seveso I Directive (82/501/EEC) when the first signs that there existed Spanish scientists and technologists interested in industrial safety appeared, though this directive was not transposed into the Spanish legislation until 1988 (RD 886/1988).
การปี 1970 ทศวรรษทองวิจัยในฟิลด์นี้ ตาม Kletz นี้เป็น เพราะประจวบกับการขยายตัวของเศรษฐกิจโลกจากปี 1950 รุ่นใหม่ของเคมีพืช e มากกว่ามีอยู่มาจนบัด และปฏิบัติภายใต้เงื่อนไขของอีความดันและอุณหภูมิสูงปรากฏในทศวรรษของปี 1950 และ 1960 ซึ่งผลิตการเพิ่มขึ้นของจำนวนอุบัติเหตุที่สำคัญThe expansion of the global economy experienced in the 1950s did not reach Spain until the early 1960s, with a delay of at least ten years. In the sixties and until 1975 that the energy crisis arrived, Spain would undergo major changes in its production structure being the chemical sector a key factor in these changes. However, the interest in process safety was not a priority at that time. This is reflected in the lack of legislation and research in this field all along those years. The first articles published on this subject appeared in national magazines such as Ingeniería Química and were rather of scientific outreach, i.e. they did not provide new knowledge but were based mainly on collecting and disseminating the knowledge generated in Europe and the U.S. so far or on commenting the legislation (De la Calzada, 1970; Escalona, 1969; Mataix, 1977). In addition, these articles were always written by people who were working in the industry. This can be partly explained by the polit- ical and economic context of that time and also because research in Spain has traditionally been limited due to the little investment efforts made in this matter. In 1960, investment in research rep- resented only 0.2% of GDP (Gross Domestic Product) and in 1975 was up only 0.34% of GDP. In fact, it was not until 2003 that Spain achieved the 1% of GDP investment in research, still well below the European average of 2% (Hernández, 2007). With the end of Fran- co’s dictatorship in 1975, a period of consolidation of democracy and of economic adjustment started leading Spanish to the integration in Europe that would culminate in 1986. In the midst of this period, the most serious accident happened in Spain, the one of Els Alfacs in 1978, which ignited several alerts regarding the existing shortcomings in industrial safety. It was not until the Seveso I Directive (82/501/EEC) when the first signs that there existed Spanish scientists and technologists interested in industrial safety appeared, though this directive was not transposed into the Spanish legislation until 1988 (RD 886/1988).
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