industrial PHA production are generally conducted with pure cultures (wild or genetically engineered strains) using petrochemderived substrates (e.g., acetate or propionate) as carbon sources,which require aseptic conditions and consume unrenewable resources.
The commercial production of PHA on a large scale is limited due to the high cost of the synthetic substrate and fermentation operation (Choi and Lee, 1999; Reddy et al., 2003)..