Waldo maintained that Simon and his followers unjustifiably sought to place large segments of social life-or even the whole of it upon a scientific basis" (Waldo 1984, 57). Waldo(1984, 171) elaborated that although some administrative matters may lend themselves to"treatment in the mode of natural science, administration is generally suffused with questions of value." He stated that"a physical science problem is a problem of what is the case?' An administrative problem is characteristically a problem of what should be done?' Administrative study, as social science,' is concerned primarily with human beings, a type of being characterized by thinking and valuing" (Waldo 1984, 171, emphasis in the original) 12 For him, many of the most important issues affecting the development of the administrative state were simply not amenable to the methods advanced or supported by logical positivism(see Dubnick 1999)