four medication were analyzed:mood stabilizers,antidepressants,antipsychotics,and benzodiazepines.Mood stabilizers were defined as lithium,valproate,lamotrigine,carbamazipine,or oxcarbazepine.Second-generation antipsychotics are also effective mood stavilizers,but were classified separately to better distinguish the medications taken and to enable comparison with prior research.Although controlled trials of an antimanic effect for benzodiazepines are lacking,benzodiazepines were included since they are commonly prescribed to patients with bipolar disorder