Although most HCAs have been judged as probable human carcinogens and one as a possible carcinogen (group 2B and 2A respectively, according to IARC, 1993) it is difficult to evaluate their impact, if any, on the aethiology of human cancer. The most serious drawbacks in epidemiological studies include difficulties in estimating the intake of HCAs in a population (Augustsson & Steineck, 2000). This is due to large ranges in the reported level of HCAs in cooked food, differences in estimated consumption (e.g. portion size, frequency), as well as difficulties in taking various cooking practices into consideration.