. Conclusions
There are many stakeholders involved in the mangosteen supply chain: suppliers, farmers, collectors, traders,
manufacturers, exporters and consumers. We have studied the logistics cost for farmers to analyze the cost structure
and monitor the efficiency of supply chain performance. However, logistics cost varies from person to person, as
well as by the size of farms. The yield of mangosteens increases along with the size of the farm. The proportion of
logistics cost has been computed to present the major activities of farmers. In fact, about two-thirds of farmers
logistics cost is material handling cost; hence farmers can reduce costs by increasing the efficiency of material
handling. To reduce waste from logistics activities, advances in harvest and postharvest technology should be
communicated to farmers. Losses occurring during transportation could be reduced by using appropriate containers.
Currently, the total costs for farmers are much higher than the logistics cost due to the increasing costs of raw
materials, such as fertilizers and insecticides, while the price of mangosteens is varied. Farmers could also reduce
costs by using organic fertilizers and insecticides to increase productivity. Future research could identify other
factors that influence yield, such as dedicated and organic farming methods.