The scalability to large fields is achievable by using a cluster-
based hierarchical network architecture implemented by
the APTEEN strategy. With respect to the performance of APTEEN
network in terms of lifetime and energy dissipation, it is
better than the two popular hierarchical routing protocols
Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) [31]
and Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy-Centralized
(LEACH-C) [32]. The last node dies lifetime of APTEEN is
approximately greater than that of LEACH by on average
79% and greater than that of LEACH-C by on average 112%.