The hememodification in GlbN is the alkylation of histidine Nε2 by a
heme vinyl Cα as shown in Fig. 1b. Several studies have defined the
conditions under which the reaction occurs and have amounted to a
plausible mechanism [20,21]. Following reduction to the ferrous state,
the key steps are the protonation of the heme vinyl Cβ followed by
(or in concert with) a nucleophilic attack by a neutral histidine. In
wild-type (WT) ferrous GlbNs, the modification reaches completion in
a few seconds at neutral pH and is accelerated by decreasing pH as
long as acid denaturation is avoided. We have monitored the reaction
in variants of GlbN and proposed that the main determinant of linkage
formation is sterics, i.e., whether a productive orientation of the vinyl
and histidine ring can be adopted. This is evident in the preparation of
a protein containing the WT crosslink (H117 to heme 2-vinyl) and an
engineered crosslink (L79H to heme 4-vinyl) [22]. Additionally, we
have noted that certain ligands to the ferrous state such as the π-acids
CO [21], NO• and O2 (unpublished observations) inhibit the reaction,
presumably because of their propensity for a redistribution of electron
density of the ferrous heme (e.g., formation of Fe(III)–O2
− from
Fe(II)–O2, [23]) disfavoring vinyl protonation.
The hememodification in GlbN is the alkylation of histidine Nε2 by a
heme vinyl Cα as shown in Fig. 1b. Several studies have defined the
conditions under which the reaction occurs and have amounted to a
plausible mechanism [20,21]. Following reduction to the ferrous state,
the key steps are the protonation of the heme vinyl Cβ followed by
(or in concert with) a nucleophilic attack by a neutral histidine. In
wild-type (WT) ferrous GlbNs, the modification reaches completion in
a few seconds at neutral pH and is accelerated by decreasing pH as
long as acid denaturation is avoided. We have monitored the reaction
in variants of GlbN and proposed that the main determinant of linkage
formation is sterics, i.e., whether a productive orientation of the vinyl
and histidine ring can be adopted. This is evident in the preparation of
a protein containing the WT crosslink (H117 to heme 2-vinyl) and an
engineered crosslink (L79H to heme 4-vinyl) [22]. Additionally, we
have noted that certain ligands to the ferrous state such as the π-acids
CO [21], NO• and O2 (unpublished observations) inhibit the reaction,
presumably because of their propensity for a redistribution of electron
density of the ferrous heme (e.g., formation of Fe(III)–O2
− from
Fe(II)–O2, [23]) disfavoring vinyl protonation.
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