Instructional Leadership and Student Outcomes
Several comprehensive meta-analyses have linked instructional leadership to student outcomes. Hallinger and Heck (1996) concluded from a review of 43 empirical studies that the principal’s instructional leadership behaviors indirectly and positively impacted school climate, culture, and organization. School mission, goals, and high academic expectations were instructional leadership behaviors that manifested themselves in classroom instruction to positively impact student outcomes (Hallinger & Heck, 1996).