In weak states distinctions between formal and informal or official and unofficial are
simply meaningless, even where ‘recognized’ forms of governance exist. As Hibou
convincingly argues, the lines between legal and illegal in fragile states are
extraordinarily blurred: ‘the division into formal and informal spheres is thus not a
useful distinction in large parts of Africa, since illegal practices are also performed in
the formal sector, while so-called informal economic networks operate with wellestablished
hierarchies and are fully integrated into social life’ (1999: 80). In short,
many African states are officially involved in the ‘unofficial’ export of commodities,
such as diamonds and ivory, while illegal businesses operate in the open often with the
support of the government (ibid: 89; also see Reno 1995).