The R2D2 models developed by Willis (1995) offered a constructivist development model that is an
alternative to the traditional model. Unlike the other model, R2D2 proposed a recursive approach, allowing the
instructional designers to examine the development process in any order. They may revisit the process and make
decision and make amendment and changes if needed (Chen & Toh, 2005). It is also a reflective model by means
the designer must seek and consider feedback from other sources. The last principle is the participatory design in
which this model offers both experts and users to contribute to the development process.