Total amount of food and energy consumed daily during television viewing
Food was consumed more often during television viewing, which included the viewing of television shows, movies, or videotapes on a videocassette recorder, than while participating in other activities. Specifically, 3% of total daily energy was consumedineachoftheother8activitycategories:playingvideo gamesorplayingonacomputer,watchingamovieatthetheatre, doing homework, reading (other than for homework), playing inside, playing outside, or riding in a car, van, bus, or truck. Therefore, these categories were combined with the category “justeating”andlabeled“notwatchingtelevision”or“television off.” The average energy intake during television viewing was similar in both samples and was higher on weekend days than on weekdays. In the third-grade sample, 16.6 16.4% (x SD) of total daily energy was consumed during television viewing on weekdays,and26.230.6 %oftotaldailyenergywasconsumed during television viewing on weekend days. In the fifth-grade sample,18.319.9 %oftotaldailyenergywasconsumedduring televisionviewingonweekdays,and26.429.8 %oftotaldaily energy was consumed during television viewing on weekend days. In the third-grade sample, a total of 73.6% of children ate while watching television on weekdays, and 62.9% ate while watching television on weekends. Similarly, in the fifth-grade sample, 76.0% of children ate while watching television on weekdays, and 58.2% ate while watching television on weekends. Two children (2.3%) in the third-grade sample and 5 children (4.1%) in the fifth-grade sample ate all of their food while watching television on weekends. All of the food categories that were defined in this study were consumed both when the televisionwasonandwhenitwasoff.However,fastfoodswererarely consumed during television viewing (Table 1).
FIGURE 1. Flow chart of sample 1 recruitment.
The percentages of meals and snacks consumed during television viewing are reported in Table 2. Mean values for each child’s 2 weekday dietary recalls were first calculated and were then used to calculate sample means. Snacks, especially on weekdays, were consumedmorefrequentlyduringtelevisionviewingthanwereany of the meals. More than one-third of the children’s dinners were consumed in front of the television. As expected, lunch on weekdays was rarely consumed during television viewing because the children were likely in school. In both samples, television viewing during breakfast and lunch was significantly higher on weekend days than on weekdays, and in the fifth-grade sample, television viewing during snacks was significantly lower on weekend days.
The associations between children’s BMI and the percentages of total daily energy and fat consumed during television viewing are reported in Table 3. None of these correlations were significant.
To examine whether children eat qualitatively different types of foods during television viewing than during other times of the day, we compared the percentage of energy from fat, energy density, and the percentage of energy that each food type contributed to meals or snacks when the television was on with the samevariableswhenthetelevisionwasoffbothonweekenddays and weekdays (Table 4). In both the third-grade and fifth-grade samples, there were no significant differences between the percentage of energy from fat and the energy density of foods consumedduringtelevisionviewingandthoseoffoodsconsumedat other times on either weekdays or weekend days. In the thirdgrade sample, soda, fast food, and vegetables were significantly less likely to be consumed during television viewing than during other times. Also in the third-grade sample, fruit was significantly less likely to be consumed during television viewing on weekdays than on weekend days, and soda was significantly less likely to be consumed on weekdays. The children in the fifthgrade sample consumed a significantly higher percentage of energy from fat on weekend days than on weekdays. In the fifth-grade sample, vegetables and sweets and snack foods were significantly less likely to be consumed during television viewingthanduringothertimes.Onweekdays,sodawassignificantly more likely to be consumed during television viewing than during other times of the day, but on weekend days, soda was significantly less likely to be consumed during television viewing than during other times. In addition, these fifth-grade children were significantly more likely to consume fast food and vegetables but significantly less likely to consume fruit on weekend days.
Associations between BMI and both the percentage of energy from fat and the energy density of foods consumed during televisionviewingarereportedinTable5.Onlythechildrenwhoate while watching television were included in this analysis. In the third-grade sample’s weekday data, the correlation between the children’s BMI and the percentage of energy from fat consumed during television viewing was significant (r 0.25,
ยอดรวมของอาหารและพลังงานที่ใช้ในการดูโทรทัศน์ทุกวันFood was consumed more often during television viewing, which included the viewing of television shows, movies, or videotapes on a videocassette recorder, than while participating in other activities. Specifically, 3% of total daily energy was consumedineachoftheother8activitycategories:playingvideo gamesorplayingonacomputer,watchingamovieatthetheatre, doing homework, reading (other than for homework), playing inside, playing outside, or riding in a car, van, bus, or truck. Therefore, these categories were combined with the category “justeating”andlabeled“notwatchingtelevision”or“television off.” The average energy intake during television viewing was similar in both samples and was higher on weekend days than on weekdays. In the third-grade sample, 16.6 16.4% (x SD) of total daily energy was consumed during television viewing on weekdays,and26.230.6 %oftotaldailyenergywasconsumed during television viewing on weekend days. In the fifth-grade sample,18.319.9 %oftotaldailyenergywasconsumedduring televisionviewingonweekdays,and26.429.8 %oftotaldaily energy was consumed during television viewing on weekend days. In the third-grade sample, a total of 73.6% of children ate while watching television on weekdays, and 62.9% ate while watching television on weekends. Similarly, in the fifth-grade sample, 76.0% of children ate while watching television on weekdays, and 58.2% ate while watching television on weekends. Two children (2.3%) in the third-grade sample and 5 children (4.1%) in the fifth-grade sample ate all of their food while watching television on weekends. All of the food categories that were defined in this study were consumed both when the televisionwasonandwhenitwasoff.However,fastfoodswererarely consumed during television viewing (Table 1).FIGURE 1. Flow chart of sample 1 recruitment.The percentages of meals and snacks consumed during television viewing are reported in Table 2. Mean values for each child’s 2 weekday dietary recalls were first calculated and were then used to calculate sample means. Snacks, especially on weekdays, were consumedmorefrequentlyduringtelevisionviewingthanwereany of the meals. More than one-third of the children’s dinners were consumed in front of the television. As expected, lunch on weekdays was rarely consumed during television viewing because the children were likely in school. In both samples, television viewing during breakfast and lunch was significantly higher on weekend days than on weekdays, and in the fifth-grade sample, television viewing during snacks was significantly lower on weekend days.The associations between children’s BMI and the percentages of total daily energy and fat consumed during television viewing are reported in Table 3. None of these correlations were significant.To examine whether children eat qualitatively different types of foods during television viewing than during other times of the day, we compared the percentage of energy from fat, energy density, and the percentage of energy that each food type contributed to meals or snacks when the television was on with the samevariableswhenthetelevisionwasoffbothonweekenddays and weekdays (Table 4). In both the third-grade and fifth-grade samples, there were no significant differences between the percentage of energy from fat and the energy density of foods consumedduringtelevisionviewingandthoseoffoodsconsumedat other times on either weekdays or weekend days. In the thirdgrade sample, soda, fast food, and vegetables were significantly less likely to be consumed during television viewing than during other times. Also in the third-grade sample, fruit was significantly less likely to be consumed during television viewing on weekdays than on weekend days, and soda was significantly less likely to be consumed on weekdays. The children in the fifthgrade sample consumed a significantly higher percentage of energy from fat on weekend days than on weekdays. In the fifth-grade sample, vegetables and sweets and snack foods were significantly less likely to be consumed during television viewingthanduringothertimes.Onweekdays,sodawassignificantly more likely to be consumed during television viewing than during other times of the day, but on weekend days, soda was significantly less likely to be consumed during television viewing than during other times. In addition, these fifth-grade children were significantly more likely to consume fast food and vegetables but significantly less likely to consume fruit on weekend days.ความสัมพันธ์ระหว่าง BMI และเปอร์เซ็นต์ของพลังงานจากไขมัน และความหนาแน่นของพลังงานของอาหารที่บริโภคระหว่าง televisionviewingarereportedinTable5.Onlythechildrenwhoate ในขณะที่ดูโทรทัศน์ถูกรวมอยู่ในการวิเคราะห์นี้ ในตัวอย่างสามเกรดธรรมดาข้อมูล ความสัมพันธ์ระหว่างเปอร์เซ็นต์ของพลังงานจากไขมันที่ใช้ในระหว่างการดูโทรทัศน์และ BMI ของเด็กเป็นสำคัญ (r 0.25
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