Goniometric measurement of elevation in the plane of
the scapula was achieved by aligning the centre of the
goniometer with the centre of the glenohumeral joint,
one arm of the instrument along the lateral border of the
scapula and the other along the humerus in line with the
lateral epicondyle aided by skin markers. A measure of
active ROM was taken. The participant was asked to
move the arm into elevation along the plane of the
scapula just to the onset of pain and this process was
repeated three times. This technique was in accordance
with guidelines of goniometric measurement as outlined
by Moore (Gerhardt, 1992).