INDIGENOUS PEOPLES/ETHNIC MINORITIES
AND
POVERTY REDUCTION
CAMBODIA
Roger Plant
Environment and Social Safeguard Division
Regional and Sustainable Development Department
Asian Development Bank, Manila, Philippines
June 2002
© Asian Development Bank 2002
All rights reserved
Published June 2002
The views and interpretations in this report are those of the authors
and do not necessarily reflect those of the Asian Development Bank.
ISBN No. 971-561-437-X
Publication Stock No.030602
Published by the Asian Development Bank
P.O. Box 789, 0980 Manila, Philippines
This publication was prepared in conjunction with an Asian Development Bank (ADB)
regional technical assistance project on Capacity Building for Indigenous Peoples/Ethnic
Minority Issues and Poverty Reduction, covering four developing member countries (DMCs)
in the region, namely, Cambodia, Indonesia, Philippines, and Viet Nam. The project is aimed at
strengthening national capacities to combat poverty and at improving the quality of ADB’s
interventions as they affect indigenous peoples.
The report was prepared jointly by Mr. Hean Sokhom and Ms. Tiann Monie, ADB
consultants based in Cambodia, under the guidance of Mr. Roger Plant, the leader of the
consultants team. The findings contained herein are the result of several activities under
the technical assistance, including a provincial workshop held in Ratanakiri Province on
21–22 May 2001, and a national workshop in Phnom Penh on 13–14 September 2001.
Extensive fieldwork and consultations with high-level government representatives,
indigenous peoples themselves, and nongovernment organizations (NGOs) were also
undertaken. The findings of this study were shared at a regional workshop held in Manila
on 25–26 October 2001, which was attended by representatives from the four participating
DMCs, NGOs, ADB, and other finance institutions.
The project was coordinated and supervised by Dr. Indira Simbolon, Social Development
Specialist and Focal Point for Indigenous Peoples, ADB. The assistance of Jay Maclean in editing
and of Anita L. Quisumbing and Lily Bernal in production is acknowledged with thanks.
The publication is one of a series of documents produced by the project. They comprise four
country reports (on Cambodia, Indonesia, Philippines, and Viet Nam, respectively), a regional report
covering these four countries, and the proceedings of the regional workshop that resulted in
recommendations for a regional action plan for indigenous peoples/ethnic minorities. In addition,
a regional report on the subject in Pacific DMCs was prepared under a separate consultancy.
It is hoped that the information in this publication series on the issues and concerns
of indigenous peoples/ethnic minorities will help guide national governments and other
development partners in improving future interventions to recognize, promote, and protect
the rights of these peoples.
ROLF ZELIUS
Chief Compliance Officer and
Deputy Director-General
Regional and Sustainable Development Department
FOREWORD
This report would not have been possible without the important contributions of many
individuals and organizations. We would like to acknowledge especially the cooperation
of the Royal Government of Cambodia, especially H. E. Ly Thuch, Minister of Rural
Development; H. E. Lay Prohas, Secretary of State, Ministry of Planning; and Seng Narong,
Permanent Secretary of the Inter-Ministerial Committee for Ethnic Minorities Development, all
of whom helped the smooth implementation of the project activities in Cambodia as well as
the preparation of this report.
Appreciation is also expressed to the many officials of the provincial governments and institutions
in Ratanakiri, Kratie, Stung Treng, and Mondulkiri, who in one way or another, facilitated the fieldwork
activities, data gathering and stakeholder consultations. Special thanks are due to H. E. Governor
Kham Khoem of Ratanakiri for his role in organizing the Consultative Working Group and his active
involvement in the consultations. We are grateful to H. E. Bou Thong, member of Parliament, for
supporting the project activities and endorsing the project to stakeholders. We also acknowledge the
assistance of Hun Thearith and Heng Kim Van who conducted the fieldwork in Mondulkiri.
The preparation of this report benefited greatly from the contributions of the stakeholders
themselves, workshop participants, and representatives of international organizations,
nongovernment, and indigenous peoples’ organizations. These include the Cambodian Human
Rights and Development Association, Coopération Internationale pour le Développement de la
Solidarité, Health Unlimited, International Cooperation for Cambodia, International Development
Research Centre of Canada, Non-Timber Forest Products, and the United Nations Development
Programme Partnership for Local Governance.
Hean Sokhom and Tiann Monie
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Foreword........................................................................................................................iii
Acknowledgments........................................................................................................ iv
Abbreviations ............................................................................................................... vii
1. Introduction .............................................................................................................. 1
Objectives ...................................................................................................................................... 1
Methodology ................................................................................................................................. 1
2 . Indigenous Peoples in Cambodia .......................................................................... 3
Target Populations ....................................................................................................................... 3
Ethnolinguistic Characteristics .................................................................................................. 3
Location of Indigenous Peoples ................................................................................................ 5
Recent History ............................................................................................................................... 6
3 . Laws and Policies Related to Indigenous Peoples ............................................. 9
Cambodia and International Human Rights Conventions .................................................... 9
Ethnic Minorities and the Cambodian Constitution .............................................................. 9
Inter-Ministerial Committee for Highland Peoples Development ....................................... 9
Current Policies toward Indigenous Peoples ........................................................................ 10
Government Policy and Strategies toward Poverty Reduction .......................................... 11
4 . Programs and Projects for the Development of Indigenous Peoples .......... 15
The SEILA Program ................................................................................................................... 16
United Nations Development Programme ............................................................................. 16
World Bank .................................................................................................................................. 17
World Health Organization ...................................................................................................... 18
United Nations Children’s Fund............................................................................................... 18
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization .................................. 18
Partner for Development .......................................................................................................... 18
Médecins du Monde................................................................................................................... 19
NOMAD ........................................................................................................................................ 19
Médecins Sans Frontierès ......................................................................................................... 19
CONTENTS
Non-Timber Forest Products .................................................................................................... 19
Coopération Internationale pour le Développement de la Solidarité, Cambodia.......... 19
Health Unlimited ........................................................................................................................ 20
5 . Understanding the Poverty Concerns of Indigenous Peoples: Trends,
Causes, and Perceptions ....................................................................................... 21
Perception of Poverty in the Cambodian Context ................................................................ 21
Findings of the Provincial Workshop ..................................................................................... 21
Livelihoods of Indigenous Peoples ......................................................................................... 23
War and Poverty in the Highland Areas ................................................................................. 24
Changes in the Highlands after the First National Elections ............................................. 24
Education .................................................................................................................................... 29
Health ........................................................................................................................................... 31
Civil Society and Governance ..................................................................................................
INDIGENOUS PEOPLES/ETHNIC MINORITIESANDPOVERTY REDUCTIONCAMBODIARoger PlantEnvironment and Social Safeguard DivisionRegional and Sustainable Development DepartmentAsian Development Bank, Manila, PhilippinesJune 2002© Asian Development Bank 2002All rights reservedPublished June 2002The views and interpretations in this report are those of the authorsand do not necessarily reflect those of the Asian Development Bank.ISBN No. 971-561-437-XPublication Stock No.030602Published by the Asian Development BankP.O. Box 789, 0980 Manila, PhilippinesThis publication was prepared in conjunction with an Asian Development Bank (ADB)regional technical assistance project on Capacity Building for Indigenous Peoples/EthnicMinority Issues and Poverty Reduction, covering four developing member countries (DMCs)in the region, namely, Cambodia, Indonesia, Philippines, and Viet Nam. The project is aimed atstrengthening national capacities to combat poverty and at improving the quality of ADB’sinterventions as they affect indigenous peoples.The report was prepared jointly by Mr. Hean Sokhom and Ms. Tiann Monie, ADBconsultants based in Cambodia, under the guidance of Mr. Roger Plant, the leader of theconsultants team. The findings contained herein are the result of several activities underthe technical assistance, including a provincial workshop held in Ratanakiri Province on21–22 May 2001, and a national workshop in Phnom Penh on 13–14 September 2001.สามารถอ่านรีวิวและปรึกษากับผู้แทนรัฐบาลระดับสูงพื้น peoples เอง และ nongovernment องค์กร (Ngo) มีความดำเนินการ ผลการวิจัยของการศึกษานี้ได้ใช้ร่วมกันที่เชิงภูมิภาคที่จัดขึ้นในกรุงมะนิลาบน 25 – 26 2544 ตุลาคม ที่เข้าร่วม โดยผู้แทนจาก 4 ที่เข้าร่วมDMCs, Ngo, ADB และสถาบันการเงินอื่นโครงการประสานงาน และดูแลโดยดร.อินทิรา Simbolon พัฒนาสังคมผู้เชี่ยวชาญและจุดโฟกัสสำหรับชนพื้นเมือง ADB ความช่วยเหลือของเจย์ Maclean ในแก้ไขและอนิตา L. Quisumbing และลิลลี่ Bernal ในการผลิตจะยอมรับขอบคุณงานพิมพ์เป็นหนึ่งในชุดของเอกสารที่ผลิต โดยโครงการ พวกเขาประกอบด้วย 4รายงานประเทศ (กัมพูชา อินโดนีเซีย ฟิลิปปินส์ เวียดนาม และตามลำดับ), รายงานภูมิภาคครอบคลุมประเทศสี่เหล่านี้ และรายงานการประชุมเชิงปฏิบัติการระดับภูมิภาคที่ทำให้เกิดคำแนะนำสำหรับแผนการดำเนินการระดับภูมิภาคสำหรับชนพื้นเมืองชาติพันธุ์คมิ นอกจากนี้รายงานเรื่องใน DMCs แปซิฟิกภูมิภาคถูกเตรียมไว้ภายใต้การให้คำปรึกษาแยกต่างหากหวังที่ข้อมูลในหนังสือชุดนี้ในประเด็นและความกังวลของชนพื้นเมืองชาติพันธุ์ คมิจะช่วยให้รัฐบาลแห่งชาติคู่มือและอื่น ๆคู่พัฒนาในการปรับปรุงงานวิจัยในอนาคตเพื่อการรับรู้ ส่งเสริม และปกป้องสิทธิของคนเหล่านี้ROLF ZELIUSประธานเจ้าหน้าที่ปฏิบัติตามกฎระเบียบ และอธิบดีฝ่ายพัฒนาภูมิภาค และยั่งยืนFOREWORDรายงานนี้จะไม่ได้เป็นไป โดยไม่มีการจัดสรรที่สำคัญหลายบุคคลและองค์กร เราต้องยอมรับโดยเฉพาะอย่างยิ่งความร่วมมือรอยัลรัฐบาลของกัมพูชา โดยเฉพาะอย่างยิ่ง H. E. ลี Thuch รัฐมนตรีว่าการของชนบทพัฒนา วาง H. E. Prohas เสนาบดี กระทรวงการวางแผน ณรงค์แสง และปลัดกรรมการ Inter-Ministerial ชาติพันธุ์คมิพัฒนา ทั้งหมดของผู้ช่วยดำเนินงานราบรื่นของกิจกรรมโครงการในกัมพูชาเป็นการจัดทำรายงานนี้ยังมีแสดงขึ้นเพื่อเจ้าหน้าที่จำนวนมากของรัฐบาลจังหวัดและสถาบันในรัตนคีรี กระแจะ มา Treng และ Mondulkiri ที่หนึ่งวิธีหรืออื่น อำนวยความสะดวกสามารถกิจกรรม รวบรวมข้อมูล และปรึกษาผู้ ขอบคุณได้เนื่องจากผู้ว่าราชการ E. H.Khoem คำของรัตนคีรีสำหรับบทบาทของเขาในการจัด กลุ่ม Consultative ทำงานและใช้งานของเขามีส่วนร่วมในการให้คำปรึกษากับ เราจะขอบคุณ H. E. ท่านทอง ส.ส. สำหรับสนับสนุนกิจกรรมโครงการ และ endorsing โครงการมีส่วนได้เสีย เรายังยอมรับการความช่วยเหลือของ Hun Thearith และแวนคิมเฮงที่ดำเนินการสามารถใน Mondulkiriการจัดทำรายงานนี้ได้รับประโยชน์มากจากการจัดสรรมีส่วนได้เสียthemselves, workshop participants, and representatives of international organizations,nongovernment, and indigenous peoples’ organizations. These include the Cambodian HumanRights and Development Association, Coopération Internationale pour le Développement de laSolidarité, Health Unlimited, International Cooperation for Cambodia, International DevelopmentResearch Centre of Canada, Non-Timber Forest Products, and the United Nations DevelopmentProgramme Partnership for Local Governance.Hean Sokhom and Tiann MonieACKNOWLEDGMENTSForeword........................................................................................................................iiiAcknowledgments........................................................................................................ ivAbbreviations ............................................................................................................... vii1. Introduction .............................................................................................................. 1Objectives ...................................................................................................................................... 1Methodology ................................................................................................................................. 12 . Indigenous Peoples in Cambodia .......................................................................... 3Target Populations ....................................................................................................................... 3Ethnolinguistic Characteristics .................................................................................................. 3Location of Indigenous Peoples ................................................................................................ 5Recent History ............................................................................................................................... 63 . Laws and Policies Related to Indigenous Peoples ............................................. 9Cambodia and International Human Rights Conventions .................................................... 9Ethnic Minorities and the Cambodian Constitution .............................................................. 9Inter-Ministerial Committee for Highland Peoples Development ....................................... 9Current Policies toward Indigenous Peoples ........................................................................ 10Government Policy and Strategies toward Poverty Reduction .......................................... 114 . Programs and Projects for the Development of Indigenous Peoples .......... 15The SEILA Program ................................................................................................................... 16United Nations Development Programme ............................................................................. 16
World Bank .................................................................................................................................. 17
World Health Organization ...................................................................................................... 18
United Nations Children’s Fund............................................................................................... 18
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization .................................. 18
Partner for Development .......................................................................................................... 18
Médecins du Monde................................................................................................................... 19
NOMAD ........................................................................................................................................ 19
Médecins Sans Frontierès ......................................................................................................... 19
CONTENTS
Non-Timber Forest Products .................................................................................................... 19
Coopération Internationale pour le Développement de la Solidarité, Cambodia.......... 19
Health Unlimited ........................................................................................................................ 20
5 . Understanding the Poverty Concerns of Indigenous Peoples: Trends,
Causes, and Perceptions ....................................................................................... 21
Perception of Poverty in the Cambodian Context ................................................................ 21
Findings of the Provincial Workshop ..................................................................................... 21
Livelihoods of Indigenous Peoples ......................................................................................... 23
War and Poverty in the Highland Areas ................................................................................. 24
Changes in the Highlands after the First National Elections ............................................. 24
Education .................................................................................................................................... 29
Health ........................................................................................................................................... 31
Civil Society and Governance ..................................................................................................
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