The same is supposed to apply for other technology-push policy measures (m). Lower input prices (p) is, of course, a cost-reducing factor, and the more they decrease the lower a will be and, all other things equal, the lower the PR will be. Tightening competition that forces the industry to function more efficiently(o) will decrease a. Here, one might think of competition that gives a continuous incentive to cut costs, and to organise the firm more efficiently. Also for competition it is likely that a44>0, and that the gains from competition slowly are being exhausted