Information from the first questionnaire was used to estab- lish the women’s medical record. It provided information on medical and obstetric history, maternal age, smoking habits before pregnancy and during the first trimester, and alcohol intake during pregnancy. The second questionnaire provided information on marital status, education, occupational status, and caffeine intake during pregnancy. Information from the third questionnaire was used only to record smoking habits during pregnancy. Information about delivery was obtained from birth registration forms filled out by the attending mid- wife immediately after delivery. Before data entry, all birth registration forms were manually checked and compared with the medical records by a research midwife.