Burning solid fuels using basic biomass stoves can produce
concentrations of fine particulate matter 100 times higher
than concentrations recommended by internationally recognised
air quality standards, such as WHO standards set in 2011. In most
cases, these stoves are not vented. Therefore residents, especially
women and children, will experience greater exposure to indoor air
pollutants from smoke. Even when stoves are vented, exposure is
10e30 times higher than levels recommended by health agencies
due to emission leakage from the stoves and re-entry of smoke
from outside (Smith et al., 2004)