where R is the bacterial reduction ratio in percentage CFU/mL, B is the number of bacterial colonies formed on the control fabric, and A is the number of bacterial colonies formed on the treated fabric. Static water contact angle (CA) measurements were completed on a self-developed goniometer apparatus coupled to a high-resolution camera based on previous works ( Shirgholami et al., 2013 and Shirgholami et al., 2011). Water droplets with a volume of 5 μL were dispensed from a syringe onto the sample surface. The water CA was measured 60 s after the droplets were placed on a fabric surface. For statistics, four separate measurements were performed in different locations, and the results were averaged to obtain the mean and standard deviation. Water shedding angle (SHA) measurements were determined according to the previous work ( Shateri-Khalilabad & Yazdanshenas, 2013c). Briefly, the fabric sample was attached to a glass coverslip with double-sided adhesive tape and placed on a custom-built tilting table.