Problem categorization.—Items in this test are similar to the 3-problem categorization tasks used in Ref. [25] but modified to be grade appropriate. Students must select one of two problems that would be solved most like a third “model” problem. Problems are specifically designed to vary their match on superficial features (objects or context) or match on concepts and principles used to solve them. This test evaluated ability to determine if problems were
solved with similar principles and whether students were distracted by the presence of similar surface attributes in problems.