FIGURE 4 Construct map for the conceptual sophistication construct. Note. For examples of student responses at each level, see Table 4. For the calibrated scale, see Figure 7.
vague (VA). Finally, the least precise way to describe a concept is to not give any indication of its magnitude; in other words, the value of the concept is left indeterminate (ID). Specificity was selected as a construct to assess because, in our experience working with teachers, issues of specificity are often controversial, with some teachers considering it a secondary concern to “having the right idea” and with others considering it critical for an answer to be correct.