The computational time is 2.03 s, which is very efficient. Table 1 shows the results of the OTC model.
where 1 indicates that the transmission line will be converted to HVDC while 0 means that the transmission line will not be converted.
As one can observe, lines 9e22 and 11e12 are converted to HVDC after OTC.
The results of HVDC configuration, i.e., nodes in which rectifiers and inverters are located, are listed in Table 2.
Table 3 shows the initial values and convergence results of HVDC under the present OTC. The initial values of HVDC are set referring to AC power flow solution of original AC system. Note that