The economic benefits
of greater use of higher indexing boars in the low-dose
models have been modeled [132]. Low-dose insemination
can be applied using conventional cervical AI with 1.5 to 2.0
billion [35], with IUAI with 2 billion [111,134] or 1 billion
sperm in reduced or in conventional AI volumes [135].
Other studies have shown fertility success with low sperm
numbers using a combination of IUAI and deep-uterine AI
[136] and with IUAI alone in primiparous sows [137].