4. Conclusion
Pakistan is suffering from accumulation of deficits which results in public debt of Pakistan. The roots of the
cause lie in improper use and early neglection of domestic resources of Pakistan. Pakistan was inherited by
financial shortages and lack of resources from India at the time of its establishment. The results of study
conclude that fiscal policy in Pakistan is sustainable in its weak form as the positive relationship is found
between surplus-to-GDP ratio and lag Debt-to-GDP ratio. The coefficient of public debt or public liabilities is
small indicating an existence of sustainability in its weak form. The impact of government spending on
budget surpluses is negative which support the prediction of Bohn(1998) which suggests the surplus (deficits)
should respond negatively (positively) to change in government expenditure. The results for extended fiscal
reaction function show the value of coefficient of lag surplus-to-GDP ratio is positive and marginally
significant. This confirms the role of past surpluses in surpluses of present or alternatively past deficits matter
in current deficits. Analysis of debt dynamics conclude that the mean reversion of debt-to-GDP ratio is
indicated by negative sign of coefficient of lag debt-to-GDP ratio. Afterward, it has been analyzed that which
component of fiscal policy is adjusting against debt accumulation to make debt sustainable. The results for
revenue shows that adjustments come from revenue side as coefficient of both the variables i.e. lag public
debt ratio and output gap, are highly significant. The results for expenditure are also indicating their part in
adjustments as the coefficients of both the variables in this case are also highly significant. So it is concluded
that results are in support to inter temporal budget constraint as government has its role in fiscal adjustments
by working on both the aspects i.e. revenue and expenditure.