Another concern for further research regards the effectiveness of grammar instruction in the target
language for low-level TOEIC grammar review. Because our curriculum policy demands the instructor
use the target language as the medium of instruction, all grammar explanation was given in English in the
intensive course. This could be a very important contributing factor. The textbook selected for the inten-
sive course provided answer explanations in Japanese; therefore, grammar explanation in Japanese was
available to the students in a written form, and the students were encouraged to utilize this in the process of
review. However, had they been given grammar explaration in Japanese in class, would they have learned
better? This is a question I am personally interested in yet was not allowed to pursue in this particular
course due to the curriculum guidelines. It certainly remains a pedagogical concern as well as a further re-
search area.