ฉันรัStudies show that urban schools, primarily attended by low-income African
American and Latino students, continue to lag behind middle and high income
predominantly white schools in student attainment (Dittman, 2004). According to
Mickelson (1990) and Smith-Maddox (1999) African American and Latino students are
not advancing in the educational system in America, and their academic performance is
lower than that of their White counterparts when it comes to standardized tests (Jencks &
Phillips, 1998; Miller, 1995). Brown and Evans (2002) argued that academic achievement
is imperative because students devote an inordinate amount of time in school and, thus,
school and school-related activities provide crucial, significant attributes in the
socialization of students and serve as the main social venue for them. Numerous
researchers have argued that academic results are fundamentally influenced by the school
environment (Brooks- Gunn, Klebanov, and Duncan, 1996).กแปล