INTRODUCTION
Throughout the course of its history, Thailand has thrived on internationalcommerce and interacting with global forces. During the past two centuries,Thailand has faced a progression of events threatening its self-definitionrequiring very conscious educational and cultural reform policies to offsetthe advances of globalized movements. The first series of reforms began totake place in the late 19th century and served as a defensive measure to fendoff the onslaught of European colonial activity and to unify a disjointed society. This reform was used to primarily centralize the cultural andreligious authority and power of the kingdom, while assimilating the local/regional/rural areas through education. The most recent reform in late 20thcentury was devised to fend off global market forces and to unify adisjointed society through a strategy of decentralization and educationalreform. Both these reforms were countered with strong resistance move-ments that reflect a resistance heritage that aspires to civil society.This chapter examines some of the similarities of the past two eras of globalization in Thailand, their reforms, and how assimilation and extensiverevisions to the cultural and spiritual elements of Thai society haveprovoked resistance movements. This chapter also suggests that the currentalternative education movement in Thailand belongs to this heritage of resistance to national and international hegemony and envisions aninclusive and moral society that is attempting to prepare its citizens for afuture in the globalized world. In that Thailand has invaluable experiencedealing with the global and maintaining its independence, its story may beinstructive for other developing countries as globalization will surelycontinue its unfoldment as will humanity’s movement toward a civic world.
แนะนำThroughout the course of its history, Thailand has thrived on internationalcommerce and interacting with global forces. During the past two centuries,Thailand has faced a progression of events threatening its self-definitionrequiring very conscious educational and cultural reform policies to offsetthe advances of globalized movements. The first series of reforms began totake place in the late 19th century and served as a defensive measure to fendoff the onslaught of European colonial activity and to unify a disjointed society. This reform was used to primarily centralize the cultural andreligious authority and power of the kingdom, while assimilating the local/regional/rural areas through education. The most recent reform in late 20thcentury was devised to fend off global market forces and to unify adisjointed society through a strategy of decentralization and educationalreform. Both these reforms were countered with strong resistance move-ments that reflect a resistance heritage that aspires to civil society.This chapter examines some of the similarities of the past two eras of globalization in Thailand, their reforms, and how assimilation and extensiverevisions to the cultural and spiritual elements of Thai society haveprovoked resistance movements. This chapter also suggests that the currentalternative education movement in Thailand belongs to this heritage of resistance to national and international hegemony and envisions aninclusive and moral society that is attempting to prepare its citizens for afuture in the globalized world. In that Thailand has invaluable experiencedealing with the global and maintaining its independence, its story may beinstructive for other developing countries as globalization will surelycontinue its unfoldment as will humanity’s movement toward a civic world.
การแปล กรุณารอสักครู่..

INTRODUCTION
Throughout the course of its history, Thailand has thrived on internationalcommerce and interacting with global forces. During the past two centuries,Thailand has faced a progression of events threatening its self-definitionrequiring very conscious educational and cultural reform policies to offsetthe advances of globalized movements. The first series of reforms began totake place in the late 19th century and served as a defensive measure to fendoff the onslaught of European colonial activity and to unify a disjointed society. This reform was used to primarily centralize the cultural andreligious authority and power of the kingdom, while assimilating the local/regional/rural areas through education. The most recent reform in late 20thcentury was devised to fend off global market forces and to unify adisjointed society through a strategy of decentralization and educationalreform. Both these reforms were countered with strong resistance move-ments that reflect a resistance heritage that aspires to civil society.This chapter examines some of the similarities of the past two eras of globalization in Thailand, their reforms, and how assimilation and extensiverevisions to the cultural and spiritual elements of Thai society haveprovoked resistance movements. This chapter also suggests that the currentalternative education movement in Thailand belongs to this heritage of resistance to national and international hegemony and envisions aninclusive and moral society that is attempting to prepare its citizens for afuture in the globalized world. In that Thailand has invaluable experiencedealing with the global and maintaining its independence, its story may beinstructive for other developing countries as globalization will surelycontinue its unfoldment as will humanity’s movement toward a civic world.
การแปล กรุณารอสักครู่..
