The mean INR across studies of patients who continued warfarin was between 1.8 and 3.4 (Table 1), suggesting that patients were therapeutically anticoagulated at the time of the dental procedure; therefore, the observed low rates of bleeding are not likely attributable to a systematically lower intensity of anticoagulation. Further, the follow-up period after dental procedures was at least 6 days for all studies, the time frame during which most procedure-related bleeding events occur,25 thus reducing the likelihood that bleeding events were missed.