1. Introduction
In their seminal paper, Miller and Modigliani (1961) propose the dividend irrelevance hypothesis showing that,
in a perfect capital market, dividend policy does not affect firm value. In practice, however, capital market is
neither perfect nor complete due to various factors such as transaction costs, taxes, information asymmetries, and
agency problems. These market imperfections have significant impacts on corporate dividend policies, which, in
turn, significantly affect the stock price because investors are concerned about their return on investment.