Just as with benzene, you will get a certain amount of dinitro compound formed under the conditions of the reaction, but virtually no trinitro product because the reactivity of the ring decreases for every nitro group added. From an experimental point of view this is just as well. Trinitromethylbenzene used to be called trinitrotoluene or TNT!
The reason for the 2,4-directing effect of the methyl group is beyond UK A level, but the increased reaction rate can be explained up to a point.
The reactivity of a benzene ring is governed by the electron density around the ring. Methyl groups tend to "push" electrons towards the ring - increasing the density, and so making the ring more attractive to attacking reagents.
This is actually a simplification. In order to understand the rate effect properly you have to think about the stability of the intermediate ions formed during the reactions, because this affects the activation energy of the reactions. This is also the basis for the directing effect and is again beyond UK A level.
Just as with benzene, you will get a certain amount of dinitro compound formed under the conditions of the reaction, but virtually no trinitro product because the reactivity of the ring decreases for every nitro group added. From an experimental point of view this is just as well. Trinitromethylbenzene used to be called trinitrotoluene or TNT!The reason for the 2,4-directing effect of the methyl group is beyond UK A level, but the increased reaction rate can be explained up to a point.The reactivity of a benzene ring is governed by the electron density around the ring. Methyl groups tend to "push" electrons towards the ring - increasing the density, and so making the ring more attractive to attacking reagents.This is actually a simplification. In order to understand the rate effect properly you have to think about the stability of the intermediate ions formed during the reactions, because this affects the activation energy of the reactions. This is also the basis for the directing effect and is again beyond UK A level.
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