This chapter studies the characteristics and determinants of three categories of private resources to primary education in Thailand: direct private costs of education, household contributions to school, and indirect private costs of education. The chapter finds that (a) private resources to primary education are substantial and are an important source for financing educational inputs that are directly related to student learning; (b) there are significant variations in such resources among different types of school and students of different backgrounds; (c) in general, private resources to education are related to both family and school factors; and (d) the economic burdens of private resources to education are heavier for lower income, less wealthy, and agricultural households. The implications of private resources to education for policy and research on education quality are also explored.